What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product?

The main problems in supply chain of many industries are the excess of some products and the shortage of others because of unpredictable demands for these products. In this paper, a framework that helps manager to understand the nature of demand for their product and manage their supply chain in line with their product requirements is suggested. The products are classified into two groups according to their demand patterns: Primarily functional products and primarily innovative products. Functional products are defined as the products that satisfy basic needs. The demand for that type of products is stable and predictable. They have a long life cycle. The competition in the market is fierce due to this stability in demand that results in low profit margins. On the other hand, innovative products are the ones that have clearly unpredictable demands. They may have very short life cycle because of the imitators. But luckily their profit margin is higher compared to the functional products. The supply chain management for the innovative products should clearly be different from the functional products. The managers should determine their product type and follow a supply strategy has a perfect match with their product type. Otherwise, some problems arise from the mismatch between the type of product and the type of supply chain. The author classifies the functions of supply chain into two groups: physical function and market media function. Physical functions include converting raw material into parts, components and finished good, and also transporting the product. The cost in physical function of supply chain arises from the production, transportation and inventory storage. The market media function, on the other hand, is mostly related to ensuring that variety of products reaching the market place matches what customer want to buy. The cost in marker media function arises when supply exceeds demand or supply falls shortage. Since the demand for the innovative products is uncertain, the market domination cost for innovative products are dominant. According to their type of product, managers should follow a supply chain strategy that is physically efficient or market responsive. The best matches between supply chain strategy and the product type are efficient supply chain for the functional products and responsive supply chain for the innovative products. In efficient supply for functional products, there are two models introduced: comparative and cooperative models. In the competitive model of supply chain relations, the retailer and the manufacturer compete through price negations for a bigger profit pie. In cooperative model, the retailer and the manufacturer corporate to cut cost throughout the chain therefore the size of the pie is increased for both of them. One alternative can be using competitive and the cooperative models at the same time. But, in this situation the information sharing between the retailer and the manufacturer seems problematic. In responsive supply for innovative products, the first thing to do is to reduce the uncertainty. There are three coordinated strategies are suggested in order to reduce, avoid and hedge uncertainty. The first one is to find sources of new data that can serve as leading indicators and also to have different product share common components as much as possible so that the demand for components becomes more predictable. The second one is to avoid uncertainty by cutting lead times and increasing the supply chain’s flexibility. Lastly, once uncertainty is reduced, it can hedge against the remaining residual uncertainty with buffers of inventory or excess capacity.

Review ways in which minimum core elements can be demonstrated in assessing learners Essay

The main points I have learnt from this assessment/task are; We can embed minimum core elements can be embedded in our assessment, through multiple resources. We can get learners to access quiz materials online, which will embed ICT. Learners can read through task sheets, which will embed reading English. We can also have learners complete a number of tasks in a given time frame, which will embed mathematics. When assessing my learners, I embedded predominately English and ICT, Mathematics was embedded in some of the tasks that they had to complete. The learners had to read the task sheet, there was a sheet of paper which listed all the tasks that was corresponding to the lesson. This was embedding English into the assessment. I also had a document saved on Learnzone, which gave the learner the option to view the document online, by accessing the document online, I had embedded ICT skills in the learner’s assessment. Embedding Mathematics into the Learners assessment would prove slightly difficult, with computer programming, when the learner was completing the tasks, some of the tasks, would compile of condition loops, which would set conditions based on numbers. There was numeracy involved in my assessment. The learners would have been assessed at the end of the module, based on a report that they would write. The report was to demonstrate their understanding of the computer programming language and would include screen shots as evidence of their work. The minimum core skills are required as the learner must have good English skills to write a report, and have good ICT skills to use a computer. How could I develop my practical skills as a result of this assessment/task; The learners had to learn a computer programming language, so most of the minimum core is embedded when assessing. I could engage the learners in an online quiz, this could enhance the mathematics skills when including minimum core. I could have also written more complex conditional functions, within the programming language, which would embed more mathematics. How could I develop my knowledge and understanding as a result of this assessment/task; I could research other tutors material and observe how they embed minimum core skills within their teaching, considering other assessment methods like short answer tests, quiz and presentations, to embed more of the minimum core skills.

American Black Bear

American black bear is the smallest but most common bear seed in North America. People tend to think that bears are extremely dangerous, especially for humans. In fact, the bear is a harmless creature and has a very kind attitude. Compared to all other kinds of bears, the American black bear is in the middle of the size. It is smaller than Polar bear but bigger than lazy bear. Asian black bears differ in size depending on their position in the world, gender, the amount of food available, the timing, and their genetics. The ancestors of American black bear and Asian black bear are separated from Sun Bear 4.58 mya. Then American black bear was separated from Asian black bear 4.08 mya. The fossil of the early American black bear was in the port of Kennedy, Pennsylvania, very similar to Asian seeds, but later specimens grew to the size of Grizzlies. From the Holocene to the present, the size of American black bear seems to shrink, but it is controversial for these fossil sample age. Cons istent with phylogenetic contradiction and D statistics, the DFOIL statistics found a gene flow between the ancestors of American black bear / brown bear / polar bear cactus and Asian black bears (FIG. 4, Table 1). Euroria bear overlaps with other bear species geographically and is widely distributed like Asian black bear. It was found in the fossil layer of 2.5 Ma - 1.0 Ma1, 31 in Europe. The broad geographical distribution will explain the almost equally strong gene flow from Asian black bear seen in D statistics to Brown bear (Supplementary Figure 14). Finally, there is a gene flow signal between America and Asian black bear. Gene flow can occur on the US side or Asian side of the Bering Strait, consistent with intra-species mitochondrial capture 2 (Figure 3). Most of weak gene flow signals are shown in Figure 1.

Emotional Intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Emotional Intelligence - Term Paper Example d how a nurse leader or manager could apply both emotional intelligence and appreciative inquiry strategies to address this issue and facilitate positive results that lead to improved quality. Appreciative inquiry is defined by Nel and Pretorius (2012) as "The study of what gives life to human systems when they function at their best" (p. 41). Nel and Pretorius (2012) further asserts that appreciative inquiry functions under the postulation that human beings posses exceptional and distinctive talents, abilities, and involvements. Therefore, there exist intact and unexploited strengths that have to be connected or intertwined in order to achieve change. In other words, appreciative inquiry involve investigations to identify the strengths of an entity by means of well calculated queries with an intention of achieving change. Emotional intelligence, as explicated by Sadri (2012), involves "perceiving emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought" (p. 536). It also involves controlling or managing feelings in order to support and encourage poignant and logical development (Sadri, 2012). Conflicts are inevitable in health care organizations. Health care organizations comprise of individuals from diverse backgrounds with divergent opinions regarding specific issues. Therefore, diversity contributes to these conflicts. Emotional intelligence and appreciative inquiry can be used to prevent conflicts in health care organizations. During conflicts, nurses and other medical practitioners are likely to demonstrate emotions or sentiments. In other words, their responses in times of conflicts are based on their emotions. By using emotional intelligence, i can be able to comprehend nurses emotions and thus use the understanding to make decisions relating to conflict resolution. This is in view to the fact that people have divergent viewpoints and hence their emotions ought to be considered in conflict resolutions. This will result to a healthy dialogue that

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Dissertation

The effects of Asda's Social Responsibility Policy on the business Practice - Dissertation Example The study adopted a qualitative approach and this study was based purely on secondary data. Secondary data was obtained through different sources which helped in triangulating the data and in conducting the analysis. The study finds that CSR has a major role in enhancing corporate performance which stretches beyond financial performance. Corporations, by addressing their duties towards all the stakeholders, fulfill their legal responsibilities and duties as corporate citizens. ASDA too has been able to achieve this because of its CSR strategy which is sustainable. They have integrated and embedded CSR into their overall business right and it is not implemented for the purpose of public relations or with selfish motives. CSR plays a critical role in bringing continuous improvement in Asda’s market performance. ASDA has been able to bring change in its organizational practices, change in managerial attitude which has helped them demonstrate their readiness to respond to the chan ging business environment. ASDA does have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions, but these do not impact the quality of contribution to the society and the planet. The study concluded by highlighting the limitations of the study and by making recommendations for further study on the subject. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the Study 3 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 3 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Structure of the Study 4 Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Definitions 6 2.2 Advantages of CSR and Corporate Citizenship 11 2.3 CSR in Retail Sector in Europe 12 2.4 CSR in Food Retail 13 2.5 Stakeholders’ Theory 14 2.6 Corporate Ethics 15 2.7 Sustainability 16 2.8 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy 17 3.2 Research Phenomenon 17 3.3 Research Design 17 3.4 Choice of Method 18 3.5 Research Approach 18 3.6 Data Collection 19 3.7 Justification for Literature Review 19 3.8 Justi fication for Secondary Research 20 3.9 Sources of Secondary Data 21 3.10 Data Analysis 22 3.11 Reliability & Validity 23 3.12 Ethical Concerns 23 Chapter IV Findings & Discussions 4.1 Findings 24 4.2 Discussion 31 Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Limitations of the Study 39 5.3 Recommendations for further study 40 5.4 Reflective Thinking 40 References 41 Figure 2.1 Carroll's Pyramid 9 Table 2.1 The Grid of Corporate Citizenship Values 9 Figure 2.1 The ‘Rationale Triangle’ 10 Table 2.2 CSR initiatives by large Corporations 13 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Companies are individual legal entities and hence can be considered to be corporate citizens with legal rights and duties (Marsden and Andriof, 1998). Citizenship entails active commitment and responsibility. It means to make a difference in the society, in the community or the world in which one lives. Good corporate citizenship, therefore, requires understanding and managing the o rganization’s influences on and relationship with the rest of the society so as to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts. Organizations hence need to have self-motivating reasons for making environmental and social contributions. Mounting pressure from people, individuals and groups have urged businesses to be economically, environmentally and socially sustainable, to be transparent in their dealings and to be ethical and more equitable (Batten and Brich, 2005). Corporate citizenshi

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change Essay

Putting a price on carbon is the best solution for climate change - Essay Example e provisions for the trading of emissions at the international scope was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol and despite the expiry of this protocol, carbon trading is set to continue (Newell, Pizer & Raimi, 2013). Underpinning the need for carbon pricing is because most countries have no costs associated with the polluting activities and sources and that currently, there are no limits to the amount of pollution that nations can discharge into the atmosphere (World Bank Group, 2014). Therefore, carbon pricing can act as the regulatory mechanism for controlling the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions from all countries around the world. Some of the most common methods for putting a price on carbon include carbon taxation and the cap-and-trade approach (Grubb, 2012). The cap-and-trade approach involves the government setting up caps on emissions from a particular pollutant, for instance CO2, from a group of pollutants like power plants while carbon tax is the fee imposed on greenhouse gas pollution especially from fossil fuels (Hood, 2013). Thus, the aim of this research is to support that statement that argues that putting price on carbon is the best solution to climate change by encouraging the adoption of cleaner energy sources that are more efficient, cost-friendly and environmentally friendly. Though carbon pricing is being focused on as the solution to climate change, critiques believe that this is an ambiguous decision by the developed countries to escape the responsibility of being the major pollutants and share the costs with other countries that emit fewer greenhouse gasses (Jenkins, 2014). Some non-governmental organisations argue that carbon pricing is creating carbon markets that will give the stakeholders the right and permit to pollute. Besides, a handful of civil societies, Carbon Trade Watch included, have on many occasions criticised the establishment of carbon markets because they barely reduce greenhouse gas emissions at their sources and this

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia Essay

Nursing in a legal and ethical environment in Australia - Essay Example lia or NMBA (AHPRA, 2013; AHPRA, 2013b; ANMAC, 2013). The OH&S Act of 2004 took effect on July 1 2005 with the effect of governing the health and safety of workers in Australia, superseding an older law that had the same name and dating back to 1985. This latter legislation is vital in that it lays the legal framework for worker protection and the securing of that as well as the worker’s health through cooperation between employees and employers and through self-employed individuals and the government and concerned agencies (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2013b). The Victorian Charter of Human Rights, as the name implies, is a fundamental charter that forms the foundation of the acknowledged human rights in the state of Victoria, and used as foundation for a large body of precedent law on issues relating to human rights for all kinds of workers, including those in the health care system, and the people that they interact with (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2 013; Law Institute of Victoria Limited, 2012). The National Registration and Accreditation Scheme or NRAS, on the other hand, is an accreditation scheme that started in 2010 and had the purpose of making sure that professionals in the health care field are vetted and accredited by a single governing body. The list of professionals in this scheme include dentists, medical doctors, chiropractic experts, Chinese medicine practitioners, pharmacists, nurses and midwives, occupational therapists, medical radiation professionals, osteopathy professionals, physiotherapists, podiatrists, and psychologists. The idea is each of the professional associations known as National Boards in the healthcare field have their own sets of rules and regulations, standards for admission, and professional guidelines and codes, while the NRAS provides aid in administration to the National Boards via the AHPRA as the coordinating agency and the agency tasked with administration duties for the NRAS (Commonweal th of Australia, 2013). II. Regulations that Govern the Advocacy of Patient Rights, Duty of Care In the OH& S Act, there are provisions relating to the performance of skills only to the levels to which the performer has been trained, to secure the safety and the well-being, as well as the security of patients under the care of the performer of the tasks. Moreover, there are aspects of patient rights that are protected by the code of ethics and the rules of behavior embodied in the charters of the National Boards, as well as in the NRAS, and the governing and accreditation bodies including the AHPRA, the ANMAC, and the NMBA. It can be said that this body of codes altogether guarantee a level of professionalism and a degree of competency required for professionals, by way of securing the safety and the well-being of the patients. Moreover, duty of care provisions are likewise embodied in the codes of conduct and the codes of ethics, as well as the rules and regulat

Qualitative Research in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Qualitative Research in management - Essay Example This paper will begin with An Overview of Qualitative Research. There are generally two types of researches i-e., quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research is structured methods aiming at quantifying the data using the statistical method. They designed to prove reliability, generalizability, and objectivity. Qualitative research on the other hand, is unstructured methods seeking to give insights and understanding of problems. These two types of research are based on different concept. For instance, qualitative research is based on social sciences trying to understand and explain behaviors in particular situations while quantitative research evolved in natural since seeking to find commonly laws, which show the relationship of cause and effect. Qualitative research is a method of social study that focuses on how people think, live, and behaves. It is used in different academic disciplines as well as in social science. In addition, it is also used to gain a depth und erstanding of people attitudes, culture, feelings, values and interests and their social reality as individuals or groups. Marshall and Rossman define qualitative research as â€Å"a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. The decision to use qualitative or quantitative research depends on the nature of issue under investigation. For example, if research aims to investigate the effect of credit supply shocks on firms financial and investment decision, then quantitative research would be more appropriate.... Marshall and Rossman (1998) define qualitative research as â€Å"a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. The decision to use qualitative or quantitative research depends on the nature of issue under investigation. For example, if research aims to investigate the effect of credit supply shocks on firms financial and investment decision, then quantitative research would be more appropriate. However, if the objective were to explore how people respond to government announcement of cutting jobs, then qualitative research would be the best in that case. Therefore, the question of which approach is good for the study depend on the nature of the subject. Although both qualitative and quantitative research has advantages and disadvantages but qualitative research is believed to provide very rich data for analysis. The study by Punch (2005) highlights that qualitative research has advantages of be ing explorative in nature. It is because it allows researchers to explore new ideas, concepts and get new insights. There is also consensus among researchers that it helps in gathering the data in natural and reliable setting, which is not possible in quantitative research. In addition, as qualitative research focus on individuals, group etc., therefore, it helps to gain detailed and complex information about the phenomena under study. It may be because of these advantages that lead researchers to pursue qualitative research especially in social science or when the subject of study is human being (Mack et al, 2005). As mentioned earlier, that qualitative research

Principle of Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of Affirmative Action - Essay Example Hence, affirmative action involves in treating a minority class or group differently in order to provide improved opportunities to obtain certain good. There are trends to associate affirmative action with two lines; one is with compulsory quotas undermining the meritorious qualification and the other is with inequality where fairness is compromised for a preferential selection process. The origin of affirmative action can best be traced back to the Executive Order No.10925 of 1961 where then US President John F. Kennedy has urged federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure prospective job applicants and federal employees were treated in an equal manner without regard to race, creed, color or national origin. Later on, creating a definitive affirmative action policy, then president Lyndon B. Johnson expressed the need to go further by discussing how companies should increase their efforts to ensure minorities and women would have real opportunities for employment and pro motions. Thus, the aim of affirmative action is to eliminate discrimination and increase the representation of traditionally disadvantaged groups (Faundez, . 1994). For example, United Steel Workers of America, a union and Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation made a voluntary agreement to correct the years of racial discrimination against Black by reserving 50% of the openings in a training program sponsored by the corporation till the discrepancy was discarded. .

Final-44 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final-44 - Essay Example the annexation of Texas took place in 1845 when the white settlers fought for freedom from Mexico and petitioned the newly formed Republic of Texas for the Union for statehood. Then the western border between the US and the Canada was agreed to be situated at 49o of north latitude. Later, US won the Mexican war in 1848 and thereby conquered California and New Mexico through the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty. Afterwards, by the Gadsden Purchase, the southern Arizona was taken in 1853 from Mexico1. Thus, by the 1853 agreement, the US achieved the Manifest Destiny that constitutes the contiguous states. Annexing Texas was so important that the Manifest Destiny could have ended without it. Texas was neither part of US nor an independent state since 1836 as Mexico did not affirm Texas’s independence and also, they threatened America of war in case of providing any assistance to Texas. Thus, Texas had to acquire help from other countries in order to pay for their military expenses. Subsequently, Texas signed treaties with France, Belgium and Holland in 1839 and 1840. Moreover, the Great Britain was also looking forward to Texas so as to control or acquire the United States. Hence, the US annexed Texas so that the foreign powers can be inhibited from harming America. Annexation of Texas led to the war with Mexico that further brought additional territory under US control2 as discussed above. Americans settled the great western frontier after crossing the Mississippi River. A massive westward movement evolved after the discovery of gold in California. The annexation of the southw est territories played a significant role in the expansion of US without which the Manifest Destiny was unachievable since this annexation resulted in to an inchoate union of the conflict territories in to a successful democracy stretching throughout a continent full of fertile land, natural resources and

The boardroom episode of the apprentice Essay Example for Free

The boardroom episode of the apprentice Essay I saw The Apprentice once, many years ago. I didnt like it. I felt it was everything that was wrong with modern culture and the media in general. I vowed never to watch it again, and assumed everyone else would feel similarly. They did not. Jump to the present day, and The Apprentice is still as popular as ever, going by the fact that my Twitter feed mentions nothing else whenever it is on. I try to follow intelligent, liberal, clear-thinking people. So why do they all get sucked in to The Apprentice? Ive not heard anyone say they actually like it, if anything they seem to actively dislike it, but still they tune in every week without fail. What strange psychological system is in place that makes so many people want to watch the antics of a number of strangers they claim to find repugnant? Is everyone a secret masochist? Does Alan Sugar have some sort of mind-control power? Is the BBC employing weapons-grade There must be some interesting psychological phenomena in play. This needs investigating. So, as someone experienced in numerous areas of psychology who is largely ignorant about the current format and cast of The Apprentice, I felt I was in a perfect position to offer an objective psychological assessment of it. Here are the notes I made from viewing the latest episode. 2 min: OK, were barely out of the recap and already Lord Sugar emphatically says he believes actions speak louder than words. But many of the physical actions humans can perform produce little or no audible output. A metaphor, or does he suffer from synaesthesia? 3 min: Im thinking Lord Sugar may be using psychological methods to control the contestants and produce the most stimulating television. He seems the sort. Also, he strikes me as a cross between an ageing human and a belligerent Brillo pad. Just saying. 5 min: Lord Sugar calls the contestants at 5.20 am. Bit early, a possible attempt at sleep deprivation, leading to an unstable mental state? Also, all the contestants seem to live together in one house. Im assuming this is  something arranged by the show and not a massive coincidence? 8 min: Theyre visiting a farm, as you do. Details aside, Lord Sugar seems to persist in addressing the contestants from a raised level, so its a set-up where groups of supposedly ruthless people stand assembled in uniform while a man with absolute power over them looks down and barks orders. 9 min: Lord Alan Sugar wants them to set up and run a farm shop, something completely unfamiliar to people who work in the economic/corporate field. Excessive environmental change can cause symptoms to worsen in delirium. Most of the contestants dont seem old enough for that to be a major concern, but then given the aforementioned sleep deprivation 11 min: Maybe this friction between so many empty vessels is an attempt to generate large amounts of static electricity? Lord Sugar may want this to power some device hes working on. This doesnt sound like the most practical technology, but then again he is the head of Amstrad. 13 min: I dont think that guy Alex knows his eyebrows look like that. They must have drawn them on him as he slept for a cruel joke. 17 min: One of the women is on a farm and says the silage smells really nice. Maybe her insula or putamen is wrongly wired up? 19 min: Eyebrow guy showing obvious signs of dyscalculia. Im sure thats not an issue for people who want to work with large sums of money. 21 min: Theres a great deal of footage here of close-ups of vegetables and vaguely glamorous women. Its like being backstage at the filming of a Marks and Spencers advert. 23 min: The phrases Just use logic and Engage brain have just been used with no sense of irony or self-awareness. Can the Dunning-Kruger effect ever be fatal? If so, we might not make it to a full series. 25 min: Announcer keeps saying milkshake and now all the boys are in a yard. Nobody has mentioned the obvious joke yet. 28 min: I appear to be watching a lot of dislikeable people buy fruit, at prime time on BBC1. This may be an ingenious form of propaganda by the junk food industry. 29 min: I am struggling to tell these people apart, for all that they dont really resemble each other. The programme may have caused some form of prosopagnosia. Either that or my visual processing system has just grouped them together as some diffuse mass of absolute-tittery. I believe the gestalt theory of visual perception allows for this. 30 min: Theyve got to sell ridiculously expensive slabs of buffalo meat or theyll lose the contest, and yet nobody has said the steaks are too high. Its like Im doing all their thinking for them. 32 min: Heavily made-up woman just asked a passing pedestrian are you interested in some milk? Freud would have had a field day with this show. 35 min: I dont think anyone would be willing to buy produce from a man in the street with the sort of eyebrows used to denote a cartoon character as evil. How is it possible for a human to occupy the uncanny valley? 36 min: This show is instilling in me an intense loathing of these people and the capitalist system that produces and even rewards such individuals. This may be some clever use of associative learning by the BBC, subtly supporting its more socialist funding model. Good effort, if so. 37 min: Its no good; Im going to need some booze to get all the way through this. Back in a second. 37 min: OK, here we go again. I couldnt find any proper alcohol, so am sucking on an antibacterial kitchen wipe. Itll do. 39 min: I just realised that Lord Sugar sounds like the main bad guy in a cartoon that promotes dental hygiene. This could be worth a fortune. If only there was some way to present my business ideas to Alan Sugar

Sherman Alexie Essay Example for Free

Sherman Alexie Essay According my researching from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Academic Search Complete, and Superman and Me in class, I found out biographical information on Sherman Alexie. The reason I searched about Sherman Alexie because I wanted to know about how he had been through his life and become a successful American poet. He also writes essays and novels. In childhood, Sherman Alexie was born October 7, 1966 on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Washington. He lived where surrounded by alcoholism, crimes, and drugs around him. His father was an alcoholic. Alexie’s health was poor which hydrocephalus -water on the brain was. The doctor gave up to save his life, and he was not expected to survive through his severe disease. â€Å"The hydrocephalus had left him with an enlarged skull, and he suffered from seizures and bed-wetting throughout his childhood†. Even though he had suffered his life through his mental disabilities, he patiently spent most of his childhood reading. Time went by; his surgery was successful and survived. His hardworking is the cornerstone to success when he spent most of time to read. This reminds me that even though I have struggle in my life, I will stand up to deal with problems and never give up on anything. Without my hardworking, I won’t go anywhere and have a successful life. I think that all his efforts spending time his childhood reading will bring matter to a resolution and equality to his life. Alexie had to deal with all the challenges and problems that he met at the reservation school even though he was teased by other kids. â€Å"As a boy, Alexie was teased mercilessly by the other reservation kids, who called him â€Å"The Glode†. I think he was called The Globe because his head was larger than other kids due to his as infant hydrocephalus. He also was kept out from many of the activities at the reservation school for young Indian males due to his health issues. Nothing he could do at the moment, Alexie was being outstanding to read anything available to him (Lynn 197-198). This shows me that I try hard and spend the amount of my available time to work on anything, the price of success will come from my hardworking. According to Sarah Quirk, one of the American novelists said â€Å"Blend elements of popular culture, Indian spirituality, a nd the drudgery of poverty-ridden reservation life to create  his characters and the world they inhabit† .One of the influences of Alexie’s writings is meant to bring sadness to the conscious mind. He uses humor, literature, and cultural activities. The purpose he wanted to use humor in his plot was to leave the readers with an observation of a particular aspect, admiration, understanding, and sympathy. This means Alexie’s influences for his literary works don’t depend all the listings of Indian modern forms. Alexies work is filled with using humor to present all his character’s works, and most of his writing focused on what he had experienced as a Native American. It was very meaningful to read his collection of poems and short stories because all his works helped me to explore and know more many facts of contemporary life on a reservation. Alexie has the best way of describing circumstances and tenderness through different poems and short stories that make me hurt and pain for the Native Americans who live on reservations. Alexie thought to have a better life and better himself, so he decided to leave the reservation and attended Reardan High school at his eighth grade. He tried all his best to study hard and at the end all the grant he received from his hardwork made him at expert at his studying and became a basketball star and elected as class president. â€Å"There, he flourished, becoming a star player (and the only Indian) on the schools basketball team (ironically called the Reardan Indians), as well as the team captain, class president, and a member of the championship debate team† (Lynn 198). His achievement in High School was admitted his admission to Jesuit University in 1985. He had a successful academic career path. After Alexie successful academic career in there, he transfer to Washington State University in 1987 where he started writing poetry and short fiction .I knew that because of his hard working brought them a better life. I also think that even though there is any problem in my life, I have to deal in order to overcome problems, never give up in my life. Giving up easily every decision I make, it won’t let me succeed and bright me the path I choose to go. In 1990, one of Alexie’s first work collections of poetry was The Business of Fancydancing. It was published in Hanging Loose magazine. â€Å"The Business of Fancydancing, was published in 1992, The New York Times described him as one of the major lyric voices of our time. Ever since, the writer has continued to receive critical acclaim†. (McNally) .The knowledge and learning all he put gave him satisfaction and motivation; he  succeeded in writing first poetry. It also gave him the motivation to quit drinking. â€Å"On the night of his twenty-first birthday, Alexie-drunk, as usual-was robbed at knifepoint. He had sunk low enough. He gave up drinking for good.† (Lynn 198). He knew that the risk of drinking was bad for health, so he chose the right decision to focus on his work. The right decision he made would lead him to attain greatness and make him rich through an enormous awards and grants of his hard work. Sherman reflects on his successful career and being a successful Indian writer. I used to be a binge alcoholic. Ive substituted writing for alcohol. Writing is everything. It takes stuff away. Its like being married. Its a high-maintenance relationship. You cant get lazy. Im doing something around it every dayreading, writing, editing, and thinking. I can be staring out the window, and Im working real hard.(Lynn 202). Alexie received many awards and grants. â€Å"In 2010 he won a number of literary awards, including the PEN/Faulkner Award for War Dances (2009; another mix of prose and poetry) and the 2010 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Native Writers’ Circle of the Americas( Daniel). Through his hard working, it led him a successful career path from poems to short stories to novels through reading and writing. In his essay â€Å"Superman and me†, Alexie writes, â€Å"In all my years in the reservation school system, I was never taught how to write poetry, short stories, and novels. I was certainly never taught that Indians wrote poetry.† This reminds and wants readers to explore their new options in reading and writing, it may save your life (Sherman 112). I think that exploring new options in reading may ultimately save my life. The more I explore new options in reading, the more I gain more knowledge. Just like Sherman Alexie, he was surprised he became a writer despite all the books he read and all the time he spent reading; consequently, education can save his life successfully. Education can save life once people spend time and work hard on it. From what I have been reading and knowing about Sherman’s literacy work, I explore new possibilities for assessing his rich and challenging work. Not only do I know about his life, but I also know about how much time he put his efforts in and how hard his life had been through to be a successful literacy career. When I do research, each research step is to determine the purpose of my research, to do some background I have done reading that familiarize with the topi c, select and use the best  Library Catalogue research resource, analyze my research, organize and write, cite my research. Since I had been doing with research, I learned about a particular topic in depth, enhancing of credentials, understanding process, an ability to think and work independently, MLA formatting and style, works cited and citations. The more I do research, the more I enhance my experience, knowledge, and credibility. Works Cited McNally, Joel. Sherman Alexie. Writer (Kalmbach Publishing Co.) 114.6 (2001): 28. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. Cline, Lynn. About Sherman Alexie. Ploughshares 26.4 (2000): 197.Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. Quirk, Sarah. Dictionary of Literary Biography.278. American Novelists since World War II, Seventh Series. Detroit: Gale Group,2003 Grassian, Daniel. â€Å"Sherman Alexie. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2014.

Ethical issues in advertising

Ethical issues in advertising ETHICAL ISSUES IN ADVERTISING INTRODUCTION Human beings create a number of different worlds. One of the worlds that human beings have created is the world of money, trade, commodities and exchange. To an outsider, this often feels like a world full of beauty and ugliness in equal proportions messy, flashy, exotic and sometimes even scary. Advertisers are often so engrossed with the nitty-gritty of the profession and dealing with as well as outsmarting competition, that they are unable to observe and comprehend this phenomenon. The business arena can be viewed as the world of buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, bosses and workers, a world of money. It is in effect nothing less than an ontological category – A Way of Being. It is not accidental to who we are, but rather, it defines the way we relate to each other as well as to the world around us. However, we must realise that it is not the be-all and end-all, and that there are other ways of Being; the most fundamental of these being Ethics. As per Geoffrey Klempner, Ethics is defined by an â€Å"I-thou† relationship as follows: â€Å"When I engage another person in moral dialogue, there are not two parallel processes of practical deliberation going on, his and mine, but only one. â€Å" This is in clear contrast with the case of a dialogue between traders or politicians, where each is privately deliberating as to how to gain the upper hand. In the former case, one is already committed to the practical consequences of agreement, and of doing the action which by the combined light of both the parties valuational perspective, is seen as the thing to be done. Human beings can belong to more than one world, or even move between worlds. We live in the marketplace and also outside of it. We can either play the various roles assigned to us in the game, or we can step outside of our economic personae and observe ourselves from an ethical point of view. Geoffrey Klempner has put forward three propositions as a prolegomenon to a philosophy for business: Business and commerce take place in a frame, in an arena defined by unwritten rules Normalethics is suspended within the business arena The aim of a philosophy for a business is to understand the rules that define the business arena, i.e. to grasp from an ethical perspective, as tohow business is possible When we claim that in the business world normal ethics is suspended, we do not deny the validity of rules of conduct, such as honesty and fairness. Without these universal rules and these values, the game could not be played. However, these obligations do fall far short of the demands of ethics. Advertising plays a major role in consumer marketing. It enables companies to meet their communication as well as other marketing objectives. Advertising is typically used to inform, persuade, and remind consumers. More importantly, it reinforces their attitudes and perceptions. For decades, advertising has been a target of criticism. It has been hailed as an engine of free market economy, a capitalistic virtue, as, and as a promoter of consumer welfare. On the other hand, its detractors accuse it of an array of sins ranging from sexism to deceit and manipulation, as an economic waste to purveying of harmful products, from triviality to moral and intellectual pollution (Mittal, 1994). Many see advertising as a threat to the self realization and to the cultural identity of the developing countries, since: It brings to many people alien ethical values It may deviate consumer demands in the developing countries to areas which might inhibit development priorities It affects and can also often deform ways of life and lifestyles(Mac Bride, 1980) Advertising is considered unethical in the following scenarios: It degrades the rivals product or a substitute product It gives misguiding information/false information It conceals information that vitally affects human life (e.g. Side effects of drugs) It makes exaggerated claims It is obscene or immoral or is against the broad national interest Even though comparative advertising may be considered legal and given the fact that its widespread use may have granted it acceptance, the debate on whether it is ethical or not, still continues to rage. There is however no unanimity or common ground among advertising professionals and marketing clients with regards to such questionable practices. However, all of them agree to this one aspect, that while considering the question of unethical practices, the focus needs to be to safeguard the interest of buyers at the micro level and of the society at the macro level, since their satisfaction remains the key to marketing success. The criticism has not been limited only to its intended effects on society, but also extends to its unintended effects. Most of the criticism has come from the elite observers of society. In contrast to this however, the general public has historically viewed advertising in a much more positive way. Criticisms of advertising have generally originated from the highest socio-economic classes. Since the earliest days of what now entails the modern marketing era and before, lower and middle class people have historically been more positive towards advertising. (Bauer Greyser, 1968; Fullerton Nevett, 1986; Steiner, 1976; Zanot, 1984). In India, we are still unaware of the extent to which these intellectual criticisms reflect the more widely held consumer beliefs and attitudes. To understand the viewpoints and opinions of the Indian public, we must examine as to how advertising is perceived in terms of its economic, social and ethical impacts. BENEFITS OF ADVERTISING Advertising is omnipresent in todays world, with a large proportion of human and also material resources are devoted to the field of advertising. Advertising has a number of benefits, which we can classify under the following heads: Economic Benefits of Advertising Advertising plays a very important role in the process by which an economic system is guided by moral norms and is responsive to the common good that contributes to human development. It is an essential part of the functioning of the modern market economies, which exist, or are emerging in many different parts of the world as well as those which seem to be the most efficient instrument for effective utilization of resources and also for effectively responding to the needs of different socio-economic kinds. Benefits of Political Advertising As a free and a responsible media, in a democratic system, it helps to counteract the tendencies towards monopolization of power on the part of oligarchies and also the special interests. Thus, political advertising can make a significant contribution by informing people about the policy proposals and the ideas of parties and their candidates, also including new candidates who were hitherto unknown to the public. Cultural Benefits of Advertising Advertisers have the opportunity to exert a strong influence on decisions pertaining to media content. They do so by supporting the material of excellent aesthetic, intellectual as well as moral quality that is presented with the greater interest of the public, and is particularly done by encouraging and making it possible for media presentations to be oriented towards those minorities whose needs go unnoticed and thus un-served. Moral and Religious Benefits of Advertising It has often been seen, that benevolent social institutions, including institutions of a religious nature, make in-depth use of advertising in order to communicate their messages. These may be messages of faith, messages of patriotism, messages of tolerance, or even messages of compassion and neighbourly service. The advertised messages may be those of charity towards the needy, messages concerning health and education, as well as constructive and helpful messages that not only educate, but also motivate people in a variety of ways. High involvement in all aspects of media-related activities, including advertising, has today become an essential part of a highly comprehensive pastoral strategy. ETHICS IN ADVERTISING Advertisings visible social role makes it a target for criticism. Some of todays customers believe that a great deal of advertising is unethical because: It adds to the price of the products It is untruthful It tricks people It targets vulnerable people Numerous advertising-related issues are often left to the discretion of the advertisers and are based on ethical concerns: Advocacy à   Advertising tries to persuade the audience to do something that is not correct. It is not objective or neutral. Accuracy à   Subtle messages trouble critics, especially when aimed at groups such as children, the elderly or the disabled. Acquisitiveness à   Consumers are continually persuaded that they continually need more and more new products. However, consumers make the final decision. ETHICAL ISSUES PREVELANT IN ADVERTISING Even though a section of the media and the public lambasted the advertisers and the advertising agencies for the falling scores of decency and taste in advertising, such advertisements raged on and they have now become the order of the day. Brands that were far-fetched from carnality have started showing all-consuming lust in their advertisements. This trend is prevalent in India as well. It began when on 23rd July 1995, a Mumbai tabloid published a photograph of an advertisement for Tuff shoes that showed models Milind Soman and Madhu Sapre, posing in the nude with a python wrapped around them, just about covering the vitals. The protests and controversy dragged on for a long time. The nation pooh-poohed the audacity of the couple, while the advertisement agencies defended their creative rights. The slogan of advertisers now-a-days is â€Å"Love it. Or Hate it. Or think it is offensive. But you have to notice it.† Advertising is largely criticized since selling carries a stigma. Centuries ago, Anacharis had said, the market is a place set aside where men may deceive each other†. Even to this date despite the significant rise in consumerism and despite the efforts to counter market deception, buyers are still gullible and are not particularly on the guard against deception. Under intense competition and declining profits, the perspective of organizations shifts from what is best for the society in the long run, to what is best for the company in the short-run. The advertisers claim that ethics are fine for the secure however all the slipping that a company needs is the desire for a greater market share. Since advertising pertains to a large audience, it belongs refers to the 4th quadrant of the grid shown below. Thus, the question to be asked by advertisers is, â€Å"What makes a good society?† Advertising thus must address the most controversial, collective level welfare issues. ADVERTISING AREAS THAT COME UNDER THE SCRUTINY OF ETHICS Advertising ethics affects both the practice of our lives and of business, in subtle as well as prominent ways. Ethics in advertisements concern us all in one way or the other. The areas under the scrutiny of the critics are: TYPES OF ADVERTISEMENTS For sex related products Instead of generating awareness among people about the necessity of safe sex and the benefits of birth control, condom advertisements continue to intrigue the audience and especially the youth with the unique feel that it has to offer. E.g. Moods Condoms For health care and professional services The slimming centres which promise miraculous weight reduction and the cosmetic surgery clinics which assure a permanent solution to all beauty problems. E.g. VLCC Slimming Centre For vices with fatal effects Tobacco chewing ads Commercials of alcoholic beverages that tempt the non-alcoholics to have a sip Gambling In early 2001, the Government of India announced that it would table a bill banning the tobacco companies from advertising their products and from sponsoring sports and cultural events. This example brings to the fore both the commercial and ethical dimensions of such a ban. It helps us to understand the role of ethics in a business decision and to understand where to draw the line in making decisions, which involve both ethical and commercial considerations. The element of social responsiveness as well as social responsibility attached to a business ethics dimension results in corporate strategy or even in formulating a business policy. Thus, we see that the connotation of ethics goes beyond the illegal acts of professional managers or even entrepreneurs. It covers the entire gamut of business operation, including ethics in advertising. PUFFERY Puffery refers to the exaggerated claim of a products superiority or it could also be the use of subjective/vague statements that may not be true in the literary sense. The Uniform Commercial Code is responsible for standardizing sales and business practices throughout the U.S. It makes a distinction between puffery as well as any specific or quantifiable statement about the product quality or the performance that constitutes an â€Å"express warranty.† For example, a diner advertisement promoting what it claims to be the worlds best cup of coffee would classify as puffery. Such a claim would be almost impossible to substantiate, and no reasonable consumer would fall for it and take such an exaggeration at its face value. Puffery often makes use of the superlative form of a word, like best or greatest. Puffery might also at times exaggerate the advertised effects of a particular product. SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING One that is transferred in such a way that the receiver is not consciously aware of receiving it. Subliminal means something that registers below the level of the conscious human mind. The brain perceives all the information in theory however the mind does not interpret the information for a meaning. Numerous studies indicate that quite often, we actually do perceive information at the subliminal level. A good example would be as to how often one would notice when the speedometer in the car is about to roll over to a bunch of zeroes. One doesnt consciously notice the mileage on the car ever so often, but the zeroing does make us pay attention. While driving to work, how many cars do we pass? What makes and models were they a part of? The only ones that we paid particular attention to were most probably the really neat cars or those cars which were driven by the people we recognize. If we notice something consciously, then it ceases to be subliminal anymore. Inserting subliminal messages in advertisements is an inherently misleading action. It involves an attempt to manipulate the thinking of a person, without the person even realizing it. The West has seen a considerable number of subliminal advertisements and related hullabaloos. This is primarily because the advertisement, marketing and the regulating media themselves have been quite active while raising such issues. During the US Presidential elections of the year 2000, it was found that a political advertisement for the candidature of George W. Bush subliminally flashed the word RATS while criticizing candidate Al Gores plan for prescription medicine. While the ad maker was prompt in denying that the quickly flashed word was in fact a subliminal message designed to sling mud at Gore, a large number of people, however, had concluded that RATS was indeed inserted with the surreptitious intention of subliminally causing the viewers to associate Al Gore with vermin. The questionable wo rd appeared on the screen only for a microsecond, thus passing by so fast that it was almost not recognizable to the conscious mind, especially when the mind was already passively lulled by television. As per the theory of subliminal advertising, the image would, actually register in the viewers subconscious mind, thus causing the viewer to negatively associate candidate Al Gore with a rat/rodent. TYPES OF APPEALS IN ADVERTISEMENTS Use of questionable appeals The advertisements that bank on negative appeal and fear like neighbours envy, feud, jealousy etc. are part of this category. Nimbus Neo Sports (Neo) had bagged the telecast rights for the India-West Indies and also the India-Sri Lanka series to be held in India. In January 2007, an ad campaign was launched by Nimbus with the pay-off line being Its tough being a West Indian in India. One of the advertisements in this series showed a West Indian desperately searching for some water to quench his thirst, as his palette is unable to handle the spicy Indian food. However, the Indians put their dirty fingers and their dentures into the water in order to deny him from having a drink. Another advertisement showed a West Indian couple along with an Indian boatman, on a boat-ride. On reaching the centre of the deep lake, the boatman throws the oars into the lake and then disrobes; giving the impression that he would assault the girl. Then, he jumps into the lake leaving the distraught couple stuck in the middle of the lake. Media experts have opined that what according to Nimbus was a creative way of showcasing the competitive spirit in India, as well as creating hype around its new sports channel, had actually trod the fine line between creative and unconventional advertising and respecting the ethical sensibilities of the people. It was felt by some critics that the two advertisements that were shown in the campaign, were in bad taste and also was offensive, since it showed people being mistreated, on the basis of colour/nationality. The advertisements were also criticized for showing Indians in bad light as India has always been known for its hospitality. Stereotypical appeals This includes sexual or racial stereotyping. Advertisements that imply that a woman, whether in the kitchen or in the boardroom, must look sensuous and inviting under any given circumstances, is an apt example of advertisements creating stereotypes. The fairness creams are also responsible for stereotyping the dusky women as being socially less desired for marriage. Other stereotypes that are often portrayed and concretized through advertisements are: Racial Ethnic Stereotypes Senior Citizens Gay Lesbian Consumers LARGER EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY Given their wide reach and influence on the audience, we must realise that advertisements have significant impact on society in the long run: Value formation Advertisements are responsible for moulding society and the material wants of the people. The advertisements which display scantily clad female models in effect commoditize women. Moreover, the deluge of advertisements that increase ones propensity of consumption makes one feel that it is essential to possess a certain commodity in order to show that one belongs to a particular section (generally, higher echelon) of the society. Media content This refers to the information content of advertisements. Those advertisements which suggest the usage of preserved food items without even the slightest mention of the fact that many of the preservatives used have been proved to have carcinogenic effects are part of this category. Use of deception The advertisements of brands which conceal their negative aspects are included in this category. An example of this is the advertisements of cosmetics which say nothing at all about the long-term effects of using their products on a regular basis. Also, the advertisements of various educational institutes that wrongly claim to provide 100 percent placement to their students fall into this category. Advertisements targeting children and adolescents The advertisements that target the vulnerability of the adolescents and the children result in the creation of role models whom these kids are expected to emulate. This in turn shapes their dreams and aspirations in a truly unbecoming way. ADVERTISERS CONCERN Voice/Tone of the advertisement Comparative advertisements that thrive on inflicting vitriolic attacks on rivals are an example of this category. Copying of ideas and plagiarising of advertisements in the ad world is another such menace. Impediments to research on Ethics in Advertising There exist certain impediments to research on advertising ethics: Lack of practitioner interest Research is often impeded by the inapplicability of published findings to the business operations. Another reason for the same might be the disinterest of corporations in sponsoring research on advertising ethics as also is the funding constraint that cause researchers to rely only on a convenience sample. Lack of sound measures and framework Research is also impeded by a lack of psychometrically sound measurement scales and also a lack of theoretical frameworks in the field of advertising/marketing. Lack of relevant theories in related disciplines Research is also sometimes hampered by theoretical shortcomings in the fields of psychology, sociology, anthropology, management, philosophy and advertising/ marketing. Lack of academic interest Research is often impeded by the lack of a journal editor and the difficulty that researchers face when trying to relate ethical issues to the traditional advertising issues. Why be ethical? During the 83rd Annual Management Conference of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Keith Reinhardt, the Chairman and the Chief Executive of the US $15-billion company DDB Worldwide Communications Group, quoted the legendary co-founder of DDB, Bill Bernbach: All of us who professionally use the mass media are the shapers of the society. We can vulgarize that society. We can brutalize it. Or we can help lift it onto a higher level. It might be misconstrued that Reinhad is against the edgy and the unconventional advertising means, however, that is not the case. He is against prurient sex, filthy humour and violence in advertisements. By making a success story out of the advertisements that are offensive to public decency, the message being put forth is disturbingly clear: the more rude and shocking you can be, the more successful you will be in advertising your product. Moreover, such advertisements send out faulty signals to the youngsters who represent and shape the future of our society. The people to blame for this are young creative directors who take pride in their eccentric thought process. Not only this, but the advertising industry also encourages this through machineries from Cannes to Clios that help place such creations on the pedestal. Passion is, without doubt, the most important ingredient in creative achievement. However, its flame need not necessarily leap for bullets, obscenity and falsehoods alone. It is essential to reinforce the virtue of positive passion in todays advertising world. It is imperative that ethics is a part of advertising, since we have a duty to live a good and fulfilling moral life. This duty is equally applicable to our business lives as well as our private lives. Marketing professionals also know that strong ethics do bring in good business. REGULATORY FACTORS AFFECTING ADVERTISING LEGISLATION The Federal Trade Commissions main focus regarding advertising is to identify and eliminate advertisements that are deceptive or those that mislead the consumer. The key areas of concern in this regard are: Deception The current policy on deception contains three basic elements: Where there is omission, practice or representation, there must be a high probability that it will mislead the consumer A â€Å"reasonable customers† perspective is used to judge deception The deception must lead to material injury As is evident from these basic elements, deception, in most cases becomes difficult to prove. Thus, even though an advertisement might be indulging in deceptive practices that do not strictly fall under the purview of the above mentioned elements, it cannot be prohibited. Reasonable basis for making a claim The reasonability of a claim is decided on a case-by-case basis. The following factors are taken into consideration in this regard: Type specificity of the claim made Type of product Possible consequence of the false claim The degree of reliance by consumers on the claim made The type and accessibility of the evidence available for making the claim Comparative Advertising Comparative advertising refers to an advertisement in which a particular product/service mentions the name of the competitor for the purpose of showing why the competitor is inferior to the product which is naming it. Comparative advertising by companies are on some occasions used to put down products of rival firms, without any basis or facts. This leads to unhealthy competition in the marketplace. Comparative advertising is considered deceptive unless: Comparisons made are based on facts The differences that are being advertised are statistically significant The comparisons made involve meaningful issues The comparisons are made to meaningful competitors In the 1980s during the period that has been now referred to as thecola wars,the soft drinkmanufacturerPepsiran a series of advertisements in which t showed people caught on hidden camera, and administered a blind taste test, chose Pepsi over arch rivalCoca-Cola. Endorsements An endorser or a testimonial refers to any advertising message that consumers believe reflects the opinions, beliefs or experiences of an individual, a group, or an institution. Endorsers must: Be qualified by experience or training to make judgements They must actually use the product SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY As per Phillip Kotler, â€Å"An organizations Task is to determine the needs, wants and interests of the target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than its competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the consumers and the societys Well-Being.† Thus we see that organizations do have a responsibility towards society, apart from achieving their individual profit targets. An organization can exhibit two levels of social responsibility: Level One à   Being socially responsible is a business philosophy Level Two à   The advertiser is engaged in Pro-social Messaging An organization also exhibits different approaches to social responsibility: Obstructionist Stance à   Organization does as little as possible i.e. exhibits a low degree of social responsibility Defensive Stance à   Organization does only what is legally required Accommodative Stance à   Organization meets legal ethical requirements and sometimes also goes beyond what is required Proactive Stance à   Organization seeks opportunities to be socially responsible i.e. exhibits a high degree of social responsibility There are also different levels of Self Regulation that are often seen in organizations: Self-Discipline à   An organization develops, uses and enforces the norms by itself Pure Self Regulation à   The industry is the one which develops, uses and enforces norms Co-Opted Self Regulation à   Industry voluntarily involves non-industry people in the development, application and enforcement of norms UNETHICAL ADVERTISING ON THE INTERNET http://www.rubak.com/article.cfm?ID=13 CONCLUSION Thus, we have seen the various types of advertisements that fall under the purview of unethical advertising, and have also seen the far reaching effects of the circumvention of ethics and morals on the society at large. Wherever freedom of speech and communication exists, it is then largely up to the advertisers themselves in order to ensure that ethically responsible practices are being conducted in their profession. Besides avoiding abuses and falling out of line with the ethical dimension of advertising, the responsible advertiser should also make it a point to undertake the repair and the harm sometimes caused by advertising. Since unethical practices have become commonplace, conscientious advertisers must take it upon themselves to make significant personal sacrifices in order to correct them. However, people who want to do things that are morally right must be prepared to suffer loss and also at times personal injury, rather than doing what is wrong. This does not mean that adv ertising, as we know of it today, be eliminated from the contemporary world. Advertising is an integral element in modern day society, especially with regards to the functioning of a market economy, which is becoming more and more widespread. Moreover, as described in the report earlier, advertising can, and often does play a fairly constructive role in the exchange of information, economic growth, and the ideas, and also in the fostering of solidarity among groups as well as individuals. Despite this, we must keep in mind, that it can als

Small Theaters and Big Business :: Arts Movies Films Essays

Small Theaters and Big Business I want to discuss some of the conflicts and concerns that I have about what the Camera Cinemas complexes will face in the future if the stay at their current locations. I conducted a survey to see how many of my fellow citizens know of Art and Foreign Films. I was not only surprised by the response, but shocked to see that downtown San Jose is stiff not a comfortable place for most to go. Most people knew of Art Films or Foreign Films but the thought of seeing one was not a priority. What were important to most included special effects, good story and ratings. I was surprised by the number of responses that said they would watch a closed caption foreign film since most of the movies I see are closed caption. I normally associate closed caption with movies view by deaf people and find reading caption and trying to see what was going on very hard. The atmosphere of the theater would make the movie more enjoyable. All of the people who took the survey lived in the San Jose area for the last ten years. I will explore the results later in this essay. If the Cameras stay in the same location, they will succumb to the larger movie industry. The people that took the survey said they know and like to watch Art and Foreign Films. All were concerned about going downtown to see a movie, even if it is clean and safe. If the movie was part of some other activity, such as dinner, festival or a highly recommended movie. They felt it would worth while to make it an evening of the food and entertainment in downtown. The movie location has been great for those who live downtown, but becomes an issue when people must travel downtown to see a movie. I believe that people would be more likely go to the Cameras, if they lived in the downtown area. The county transit is adequate, but not what people going out for the evening would trust using, especially if going downtown. This is a serious problem for the Camera Cinemas since their business is revenue based; you cannot have revenue without the people. The Camera Cinemas are important to downtown, not because of the films they show, but because of the support they offer for other businesses.

Essay --

General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life? Essay -- General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life?

Patriarchal Society and the Feminine Self in Kate Chopins Story of an

Patriarchal Society and the Erasure of the Feminine Self in The Story of an Hour  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚     Ã‚   Critical readings of Chopin’s works often note the tension between female characters and the society that surrounds them.   Margaret Bauer suggests that Chopin is concerned with exploring the â€Å"dynamic interrelation between women and men, women and patriarchy, even women and women† (146).   Often, critics focus on the importance of conflict in these works and the way in which Chopin uses gender constraints on two levels, to open an avenue for the discussion of feminine identity and, at the same time, to critique the patriarchal society that denies that identity.   Kay Butler suggests that â€Å"entrapment, not freedom, is the source of Chopin’s inspiration, for she is primarily concerned with exploring the way in which gender roles deny identity†;   she continues:   â€Å"yet without the entrapment, the question of identity, even the inspiration to write about identity, wouldn’t exist† (18).   Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† most poignantly balances the dual focus of her work, describing the incipient awakening of Mrs. Mallard, and thus exploring the possibility of feminine identity, even while, ultimately, denying the fruition of such an experience.   Like all of her works, this short story reacts to a specific historical framework, the Cult of True Womanhood, in its indictment of patriarchal culture.   As Barbara Welter notes, in the nineteenth century, â€Å"a women judged herself and was judged by her husband, her neighbors, and society† by the attributes of a True Woman which included, especially, â€Å"purity† and â€Å"domesticity† (372).   The concept of purity, because it suggested that women must maintain their virtue, also, paradoxically, denied the... ... Story of an Hour.’†Ã‚   CLA Journal 16 (November 1994):   59-64.   Bauer, Margaret.   Chopin in Her Times:   Critical Essays on Patriarchy and Feminine Identity.   Durham:   Duke UP, 1997.   Butler, Kay.   â€Å"Freedom and Desire:   The Theme of Awakening in the Works of Kate Chopin.†Ã‚   Critical Interpretations:   Kate Chopin.   Ed. Harold Blooming.   New York:   Chelsea House, 1989.   14-32.   Chopin, Kate.   â€Å"The Story of an Hour.†Ã‚   The Heath Anthology of American Literature.   Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2.   Lexington:   Heath, 1994.   644-46.   Papke, Mary E.   Verging on the Abyss:   The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton.   New York:   Greenwood P, 1990.   Welter, Barbara.   â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood:   1820-1860.†Ã‚   The American Family in the Social Historical Perspective.   Ed. Michael Gordon.   New York:   St. Martin’s P, 1978.   372-92.        

To What Extent Did the American Revolution?

DbKatie Gordon APUSH Mr. Vieira September 24, 2012 DBQ: To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. After breaking away from what they thought was a corrupt and evil government, Americans changed how they wanted to govern their society, even though they ultimately reverted to a more centralized government similar to Britain.The uneducated masses, as viewed by the elite, didn’t experience a lot of change though the ideals from the revolution still guided some to seek better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalist experienced a considerable amount of change in society as women experienced more freedoms, some slaves were set free, and loyalist left America. Overall, Americ a didn’t experience a lot of economic change, but it did experience, to varying degrees, political and social change. Politically speaking, the Americans did not want their government to resemble that of the British government.Which brings about the development of the Articles of Confederation. However, there were many holes in the Articles: there was no executive branch, the federal government could not implement taxes and overall the government did not have much centralized power. Everyone knew that a change needed to be supplemented and quick. This brings about the writing and ratification of the Constitution. In order to persuade states to ratify the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton wrote and circulated the Federalist Papers.James Madison also writes, â€Å"ambition must be made to counteract ambition† (Document I), insinuating the system of checks and balances that the Constitution insures. This active separation of power was pivotal in the ratification of the Con stitution, which contrasted the American government from the British government. Americans did not experience much change economically. The Philadelphia society for the promotion of agriculture in 1786, handed out a medal, which said, â€Å"venerate the plough† (Document F). This demonstrates how the elite were still â€Å"rewarding† the common people who weren’t financially better off than before the revolution.Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion farmers led by the ex-military officer â€Å"[stopped] the courts of justice in several counties†¦crying out for a paper currency, [or] for an equal distribution of power† (Document G). A particular example of the downfall of American economy was Shay’s rebellion. This represented economic strife that the common people were enduring and ultimately rebelled. Two important socio-economic issues the founding fathers discussed were the rights of women and slavery. Women’s roles increased greatly during the revolution. While me were away fighting or running the country, women were at home running and defending the farm.This can be seen in the woodcut (Document A) and in Abigail Adam’s letters to Thomas Jefferson (Document G). Women had, for a time, the right to vote in New Jersey. The revolution also increased the education of women and encouraged them to be more involved in public life. However, all women were not content to go back to their household chores after the revolution as seen by Molly Wallace who says â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not speak? † (Document J), illustrating how some women wanted to further their domestic roles and play a larger role in society.Women were not ultimately granted the right to vote until many years later, but that foundation started during the American Revolution. The practice of slavery was common during the time period of the American Revolution in the colonies and in Europe. At the time, it was the primary economic eng ine in the south and Caribbean. American revolutionaries thought about the morals of slavery, but were unable to change much at this time. However, slavery could be banned in the Northwest Territories, where it wasn’t too important to that region’s economy.The Northwest Ordinance specifically says, â€Å"There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory† (Document H). Although the revolution was not directly able to ban slavery, it cased the issue and allowed future generations to solve it. The revolution also enabled religious freedom to be written into the fabric of our nation. Many European nations had state religions of this time. Some of the first settlers to the colonies came in search of religious freedom. However, some of them instituted theocratic governments once here. But the revolution showed that America was a melting pot of ideas and people.They believed that our government should not sponsor one particular religion. Virgin ia enacted such a law in 1786. Politically Americans experienced some change by forging a new government even though they revised it in the end. Economically, the common people, who fought for better lifestyles, still lived under the heel of the elites. However a significant amount of change occurred for women, slaves and loyalist, although the loyalist position in changed in society in a very negative manner. In these ways American society experienced change in respect to political and social life, but not economically.

Bcg Matrix Critique

Marketing Critique BCG intercellular substance Your Name Here Table of content Introduction3 Concept Over affect3 Functional Critique5 Intellectual Critique6 honest Critique7 Political Critique8 Conclusion8 Bibliography9 Introduction This paper impart attempt to provide a huge critique of the capital of Massachusetts Consulting aggroup intercellular substance in light of the ideas of Hackley (2009). In his bulk MarketingA Critical Introduction, Hackley presents a framework for analysing merchandiseing determines.He suggests that well completed food merchandising judgments should be re- surveyd from time to time, to arrange if the merchandising studies for that argona are relevant to current practice, and revisit the functional, apt, honorable, and political relevancy of the say concept. I opted to evaluate the capital of Massachusetts Consulting Group mannequin, which is an established cats-paw of the st stridegicalal management field, apply frequently in grocer y storeing circles to optimize reaping mix.Whither secondary versions of the matrix have come up in recent studies, the traditional BCG hyaloplasm continues to be popular and this paper int subverts to evaluate whether the support for the sit is justified or needs to be rectified. Concept Overview The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) hyaloplasm was initially designed in the works of a lead story management consulting stanch, the Boston Consulting Group. Henderson (1970) first presented the concept of the Product Portfolio hyaloplasm, the framework of which categorized wares in spite of appearance a high clubhouses portfolio as stars, nones cattle, dogs, or question marks.Also called the Growth-Share matrix, the model presented by Henderson (1970), organized the growths as per their single growth pasture, mart assign, and positive or negative cash f mild. The ground substance was said to create further growth opportunities for the firm if more(prenominal) resource s were come outed in those crops which generated positive cash races. The model described Stars as those which esteem a large foodstuff piece of ground in a rapidly festering industry. Where these stars generate cash, the temper of the market mandates the care to invest cash in parade to maintain the outputs market division.The model suggests that continued investment funds in these stars will eventually lead to these harvestings in becoming cash cow change Cows are harvests which have a large market share in a mature industry. Cash overawe are therefore well established, and do not require much investment ( merchandise expenditures) to continue to generate cash flow. As these reapings generate cash flow, they are super guarded. Over time, however, these cows whitethorn stand appeal in the market and may have to be retrenched. Question tag are products which have a low market share in a high growth industry.These products require portentous cash investments to g enerate any variety show of boost in sales. Strategies in the situation of question marks may any lean towards expansion or retrenchment, depending on the market share growth wassailed by the product. Lastly, there are the dogs which are product lines with low market share in low-growth markets. The genius of the market usually results in these products universe produced at a exist disadvantage, and as a result, the cash flow generated from these products is negligible. linees usually seek to divest these products, unless they treat an alternate strategical aim.Functional Critique The BCG Matrix presents a sinewy framework as to how products can be managed from a strategic marketing perspective. At the core of it, the functionality of the BCG Matrix is focused around maximizing returns on investment and how best to deploy organizational resources (Cooper, Edgett, Kleinschmidt, 1999). However, there have been several critiques of its applicability (Stalk and Stern, 1998 ). In situation, the model has been criticized for its polarities with respect to how the market growth and market shares have been presented.In the concrete world, products do not have a high or low share, and are often stuck somewhere in the shopping center (Hambrick, MacMillan, and Day, 1982). The matrix presents no ideas as to what motley of strategies are to be implemented for the product in this case. Further, market growth rate has been cited as an important driver of product education. Contrary to the advice of the BCG Matrix, market growth rate is viable only till the even out of saturation, after which point it would be counterintuitive for the firm to be place in a product that does not enjoy majority stake (Stalk and Stern, 1998).The critical view of the BCG Growth-Share Matrix was in any case shared by Morrison and Wensley (1991), who claimed that the model was myopic as it positive a set of strategic solutions, or else than encourage marketing executives to t hink creatively with respect to their product lines. On the contrary, Cooper, Edgett and Kleinschmidt (1999) set in motion in their study that firms which centered scheme on the product portfolio model were not only more pecuniaryly viable, save marginally outperformed other firms.Therefore, it is safe to adjudicate that where the applicability of the BCG model may be challenging, the results it produces are enough for strategists to continue development the model. Intellectual Critique Morrison and Wensley (1991) raise that the BCG Matrix set a standard for strategic models, and that a plethora of standardised matrix style models came closely in the years after the BCG Matrix was introduced (Wind, Mahajan, and Swire, 1983). However, this is where the intellectual plowshare of the BCG Matrix ends, they argue.They claim that the Matrix oversimplified the nature of marketing strategies, and streamlined product arrangements in a way that was confirmatory rather than innova tive, a view shared by Marren (2004). Other researchers tend to believe that the macrocosm of the BCG matrix brought forth the importance of financial management in marketing. In particular Schoeffler, Buzzell, Heany (1974), Wind, Mahajan Swire (1983), and Dirkinderen Crum (1984) found that the model recalibrated organizations to focus their strategies more around portfolio management and enhancement.The simplicity of the matrix meant that it could be applied to other areas of marketing management, such as product support cycle model (Barksdale Harris, 1982), sales pull management (Strahle Spiro, 1986). Despite the fact that the model faced significant critique from the academia when it was first launched, it is ironic that the BCG Matrix continues to be an inevitable curriculum component in almost every Marketing and pipeline anxiety program around the world.In their study, Morrison and Wensley (1991) found that a majority of instructors continued to embrace the improv ements of the matrix to their students, despite having some reservations about its applicability. Perhaps the best appraisal of the intellectual value of the BCG Matrix was provided by Henderson, the cause of the model a milestone on the search for insight into business agreement dynamics, scarce certainly not the end of the road (Moore, 2001). Ethical Critique As per Hackley (2009), marketing studies need to examine the ethical and favorable values which surround marketing practice and theory.In the case of the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the model is an internal strategic tool which shapes product assortment which is to be deployed to the market. The nature of the model is such that it advocates products with high market share in strong market growth. The ethical quandary posed here is whether the organization should retrench a product line which has low market share, in an industry of low market growth, moreover the product serves a purpose that is honorable to society (such as pharmaceuticals).In a similar vein, is it ethical for a partnership to invest more resources into promoting a product in a growing market, even when the company is aware of the adverse effects of the product (such as cigarettes). In other words, should an organizations product assortment be negligent of social benefits, and be determined solely on market dynamics alone (McDonald Leppard, 1992), in a time when businesses are advocating principles of incorporate social responsibility?It is also clever to note that the BCG matrix encourages organizations to continue investing in clearable ventures (cash cows), whereas it suggests retrenching investment to those products (dogs) which are not responding to market stimulation initiatives. Considering the large research and development expenditures that go into creating and launching a product, it is not liberate from the BCG model about how massive the company should wait before removing the product from markets altogether (Seeger, 1984).Therefore, users of this model may pauperism to base decisions in the context of meshing social benefit to continue operate the long term sustainability of the company and society at large. Political Critique As Hackley (2009) indicated, when analysing any marketing tool, it is important to essay where the concept originated and what institutional forces stood to advantage from its evolution. In the case of the BCG Matrix, as described earlier, the model was originated in the work of Henderson (1970).The matrix was an intrinsic component of the Boston Consulting Group and was used by several influential benchmark companies at the time of its launch. The matrix also enjoyed coverage in the press, despite strong criticism by academia (Morrison and Wensley, 1991). It is clear that the hype around the model stood to benefit the Boston Consulting Group the most, a fact that is confirmed by the fact that the company propagates its use to this very day, despite being aware of its succinctcomings.It has also been found that off from promoting and capitalizing on the success of their models, consultancies go extensive lengths to ensure that they attract the highest profiled organizations to employ their services, so that they can charge higher consulting fees citing the woodland of their past work (OShea & Madigan, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that the Boston Consulting Group Matrix is flawed in many respects, but continues to enjoy support in schoolman circles for its implications of strategy.It also serves to purpose that the model has animate the creation of numerous other matrices to function organizations in strategizing better. However, as with any marketing tool, it is important to keep in theme the ethical implications of the decision-making advised by these strategic models. Bibliography Cooper, R. G. , Edgett, S. J. , & Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1999). New product portfolio management practices and performance. dayboo k of product innovation management, 16(4), 333-351. Hackley, C. (2009). Marketing A critical introduction. Sage Publications Limited. Derkinderen, F. G. & Crum, R. L. (1984). Pitfalls in using portfolio techniquesAssessing risk and potential. persistent Range Planning, 17(2), 129-136. OShea, J. , Madigan, C. (1998). serious company Management consultants and the businesses they save and ruin. Penguin USA. Henderson, B. (1970). The product portfolio. BCG Perspectives series (The Boston Consulting Group, 1970). Hambrick, D. C. , MacMillan, I. C. , Day, D. L. (1982). Strategic Attributes and death penalty in the BCG MatrixA PIMS-Based depth psychology of Industrial Product lineagees. Academy of Management Journal, 25(3), 510-531.Barksdale, H. C. , Harris Jr, C. E. (1982). Portfolio analysis and the product life cycle. Long Range Planning, 15(6), 74-83. Marren, P. (2004). The matrix revisited. Journal of Business system, 25(4). McDonald, M. , Leppard, J. W. (1992). Marketing by matrix degree centigrade practical ways to improve your strategic and tactical marketing. Butterworth-Heinemann. Morrison, A. , Wensley, R. (1991). Boxing up or boxed in? A short history of the Boston Consulting Group share/growth matrix. Journal of Marketing Management, 7(2), 105-129. Schoeffler, S. , Buzzell, R.D. , Heany, D. F. (1974). move of strategic planning on profit performance (pp. 137-145). Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University. Seeger, J. A. (1984). Research note and communication. Reversing the images of BCGs growth/share matrix. Strategic Management Journal, 5(1), 93-97. Stalk, G. , & Stern, C. W. (Eds. ). (1998). Perspectives on Strategy From the Boston Consulting Group. J. Wiley. Wind, Y. , Mahajan, V. , & Swire, D. J. (1983). An empirical comparison of regularize portfolio models. The Journal of Marketing, 89-99.

Heat Capacity Ratio of Gases

Experiment 1 The kindle Capacity Ratio of Gases Purpose The purpose of this taste is to calculate the heat mental ability ratio of petroles, helium, atomic number 7 and ampere-second Dioxide, and comp ar with their theoretical values. Introduction Thermodynamics is the bailiwick of heat as it relates to vital force and work. There are various properties which all relate to each some other when determining the characteristic of a certain substance.One of ofttimes(prenominal) properties is heat mental ability, which is the amount of heat cipher essential to raise the temperature of a substance by cardinal degree Kelvin. Mathematically, it is ? = q? T , where q is the amount of heat absorbed by a substance and ? T is the alter in temperature measured. When substances absorb heat, their molecules translate, rotate and vibrate callable to the rise in temperature . As a solvent of the motion of perishment of molecules in these modes, there is a component of energy toward s determining the heat cogency of that substance.The heat capacity is, however, defined through constant multitude (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp) with a relationship, Cp = Cv + nR and CpCv , the heat capacity ratio for perfection gases which is further determined by obtaining the pressure divergency with atomospheric pressure in adiabatic conditions. That is lnp1-lnp2lnp1-lnp3. The energy percentage through the modes of guidement of molecules is the total of their, expositional, rotational and tingleal energies. For ideal gases, this can be reason theoretically as a result of their classes, Monatomic, Diatomic and unidimensional polyatomic.Monatomic gases such as Helium, move in translation with the energy 32RT. Diatomic gases such as Nitrogen, move in all 3 modes with the energy 72RT. And the running(a) polyatomic gases such as CO2 move with the energy 132RT. The constant volume heat capacity for these ideal gases can be determined as a result of its relationship with t hese energies as the energy U = nRT and Cv is the derivative with respect to volume. i. e Cv = ? U? Tv . This leads to the following Cv for the 3 classes of gases 12. 5 Jmol*K for monatomic, 29.1 Jmol*K for diatomic, and 54. 0 Jmol*K for linear polyatomic. Data Room Temperature = 16. 2 oC 0. oC p2 = Room Pressure Room Pressure = 760. 84 mmHg 0. 22 mmHg Helium mental testing P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mmHg)(0. 3) 1 300. 4 75. 6 2 275. 7 69. 0 3 281. 9 74. 8 Carbon Dioxide effort P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mmHg)(0. 3) 1 290. 3 34. 1 2 277. 8 25. 3 3 283. 1 40. 1 The values for Helium and Carbon dioxide were gotten from the other group who performed the experiment. Nitrogen Trial P1 (mmHg)(0. 3) P3 (mmHg)(0. 3) 1 278. 7 63. 7 2 286. 6 89. 7 3 270. 5 58. 9 4 294. 2 85. 0 5 285. 5 89. 7 6 291. 4 70. 0 7 268. 1 54. 1 8 289. 0 64. 8 9 281. 5 65. 8 10 265. 3 59. 7Values in bold are the 3 best trial obtained. Answers to Questions 1) C, mathematical defined as C = q? T , is the heat capacity, the amoun t of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Kelvin. Cv, is the heat capacity per whole volume while, Cp , is the heat capacity per unit pressure. two are related mathematically by the comparison Cp = Cv + nR. The expected heat capacity for the triplet classes of gases are as follows Monatomic = 3R2=12. 5 Jmol. K Diatomic = 7R2=29. 1 Jmol. K Linear triatomic = 13R2=54. 0 Jmol. K The equations leading to the heat capacity ratio, ? , is summarized by CpCv= ln(p1p2)ln? p1p3) The vibrational part to Cv can be determined once the vibrational frequencies of the molecule is known. That is Rx2e-x where is x5 . x = (NA hRT)v Where NA = Avogadros number, h = Plancks constant and v = vibration frequency.2) Data obtained in the experiment is presented in the information section above. 3) Sample fracture calculation 2300. 42*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =817. 9962127 2817. 99621271061. 242+0. 22760. 842 = 0. 770793 275. 62*0. 32+760. 842*0. 222 =168. 9143383 2817. 99 621271061. 242+168. 9143383836. 442 = 0. 79681 0. 7707931. 39482677 = 0. 55261 0. 796811. 26875807 = 0. 6280336 20. 552610. 327702282+0. 62803361. 268758072 = 3. 12 This was employ to calculate all errors in the heat capacity ratios below. Helium Trial ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3) Error 1 ln(300. 4+760. 84760. 84)ln? (300. 4+760. 8475. 6+760. 84) = 1. 40 3. 12 2 ln(275. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (275. 7+760. 8469. 0+760. 84) = 1. 39 3. 12 3 ln(281. 9+760. 84760. 84)ln? (281. 9+760. 8474. 8+760. 84) = 1. 43 3. 12 Carbon Dioxide Trial ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3) Error 1 ln(290. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (290. 3+760. 8434. 1+760. 84) = 1. 16 3. 08 2 ln(277. 8+760. 84760. 84)ln? (277. 8+760. 8425. 3+760. 84) = 1. 12 3. 07 3 ln(283. +760. 84760. 84)ln? (283. 1+760. 8440. 1+760. 84) = 1. 19 3. 08 Nitrogen Trial ? = ln(p1p2)ln? (p1p3)Error 1 ln(278. 7+760. 84760. 84)ln? (278. 7+760. 8463. 7+760. 84) = 1. 35 3. 11 2 ln(289. 0+760. 84760. 84)ln? (289. 0+760. 8464. 8+760. 84) = 1. 34 3. 11 3 ln(265. 3+760. 84760. 84)ln? (265. 3+760. 8459. 7+760. 84) = 1. 34 3. 11 4) divinatory Cv for CO2 Translation = 3R2 = 3*8. 3142 = 12. 471 Jmol*K Rotational =22 R = 8. 314 Jmol*K vibrational v1 = 4. 02 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*2984. 02 x 1013 = 6. 48 consequently contribution = 8. 314(6. 48)2 * e-6. 48 =0. 54 Jmol*K 3 = 7. 05 x 1013 s x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 7. 05 x 1013 = 11. 36 accordingly contribution = 8. 314(11. 36)2 * e-11. 36 = 0. 013 Jmol*K v2 = v4 = 2. 00 x 1013 x = NA hRTv = 6. 02 x 1023*6. 63 x 10-348. 314*298 2. 00 x 1013 = 3. 22 This is less than 5. therefore contribution = 8. 314* 3. 222 *e3. 22e3. 22 -12 = 3. 74Jmol*K Cv for CO2 = 12. 471 +8. 314 +0. 54 +0. 013 + 2(3. 74) = 28. 818 = 29. 0 Jmol*K 5) Cp,m = Cv,m + R so Cv,m = RCp,mCv,m- 1 mediocre experimental ? CO2 = 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 = 1. 16 Therefore Experimental Cv,m = 8. 3141. 16 1 = 51. 96 = 52. 0 JK While Theoretical Cv,m = 8. 141. 29-1 = 28. 67 = 29. 0 JK Percen tage error = 29 -5229* degree Celsius = 79% 6) Experimental ratio were precise but not accurate to the theoretical values as calculated Gas Average ratio Percentage error (%) Helium 1. 40+1. 39+1. 433 = 1. 41 1. 67-1. 411. 67*100 = 15. 57 Nitrogen 1. 34+1. 34+1. 353 = 1. 34 1. 40-1. 341. 40*100 = 4. 29 Carbon dioxide 1. 16+1. 12+1. 193 =1. 16 1. 29-1. 161. 29*100 = 10. 08 Sources of experimental errors would include leakage through the water connecting the gas cylinder to the adiabatic vessel and the renovate with which the brass cover plate is replaced after the gas expansion.The vibrational contribution to Cv is very much dependent on the temperature. At low temperature, the contribution is zero. As the temperature increases, the lowest vibrational energy is comparable to(predicate) to RT and therefore some contribution to the constant volume heat capacity. While at high temperatures the contribution is at its highest. Conclusion The experiment was successful as the heat capaci ty ratios were achieved to minimal errors from the theoretical values. reference point 1. Thomas Engel, Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010, pg 21-22, 806 807. 2. science lab manual for Chem 2103, experiment 1. 3. Tip for Experiment 1 on CUlearn.